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INTERMEDIATE 



GEOGRAPHY 



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NEW YORK STATE 



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METHOD OF TEACHING. 



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BY E. KITTIE NEWCOMB. 



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PREFACE. 



In teaching the Geography of the State of New York, I have felt the need of a compilation 
in a compact form of such facts as are here set forth. I do not claim originality for more than the 
arrangement and classification of these lessons, and would express my indebtedness to the following 
valuable text-books: Appleton's Higher Geography, Harper's School Geography, Barnes's Complete 
Geography, Swinton's Grammar Schoo Geography, and Swinton's Condensed United States History, 
published by the American Book Company. 

E. K. N. 



METHOD OF TEACHING. 



Previous knowledge — Town and County, including boundaries, description 
and uses of rivers, lakes, canals, and railroads, principal buildings, population, 
officers and duties, climate, vegetation, animals, mineral products, places of historic 
interest, etc., talks on the globe. 

Note.— -Thorough drill on the first steps in drawing the outline is recommended, in the 
belief that only in this way can the results to be obtained later be satisfactory. 



Lesson I. — Boundary of the state. 

Lesson II. — Review I. — Draw outline, by dictation, 
of northern and eastern boundaries, beginning at the 
point where the forty-fifth parallel crosses the St. Lawrence 
River. 



Dictation No. I.— Draw the line which separates New York from 
Canada, Lake Champlain, the line which separates New York from 
Vermont, the line which separates New York from Massachusetts, the 
line which separates New York from Connecticut, Long Island Sound. 

Lesson III.— Review II.— Draw western boundary, 
beginning at the St. Lawrence River. 



Dictation No. II. — Draw St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, Niagara 
River. Lake Erie, the line which separates the western part of New York from 
Pennsylvania. 

Lesson IV. — Review III. 



Lesson V. — Review III. — Draw southern boundary 




Dictation No. III. — Draw the line which separates the southern part of New York from Penn- 
5) Ivania, 1 >elaware River ; the line which separates New York from New Jersey. 

Lesson VI. — Draw outline of map, tracing courses of Hudson and Mohawk 
Rivers. 

NOTE. — Always begin at the source to trace the course of a river, that the pupil may not 
form an erroneous idea of the direction in which the river flows. 

Lesson VII. —Review. VI. 

Lesson VIII. — Review VI. — Trace Genesee River, and the lakes in the 
central part of the state with their outlet, the Oswego River. 

Lesson IX.— Review VIII. 

Lesson X. — Review VIII — Trace Black River, and the rivers flowing into 
the St. Lawrence River and Lake Champlain. 

Lesson XL — Review X. — Locate Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. 

Lesson XII. — Review XI. — Locate Shawangunk Mountains, and the High- 
lands. 

Lesson XIII. — Review XII. — Locate Lake George and Lake Chautauqua. 

Lesson XIV. — Review XIII. — Trace Susquehanna River to southern 
boundary of the state. 



Lesson XV. — Draw map of state, also outline of western extremity of Long 
Island and locate New York City and Brooklyn. 

Lesson XVI. — Give number of counties, and number of cities, and review XV. 
Lesson XVII. — Draw map, locating New York, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, 
Rochester. 

Lesson XVIII. — Review XVII. — Locate Troy, Syracuse, Utica, and Elmira. 

Lesson XIX. — Review XVIII. — Locate Binghamton, Auburn, Sing Sing, 
Oswego, West Point. 

Lesson XX. — Draw map, and locate Watkins Glen, Saratoga Springs, Trenton 
Falls. 

Lesson XXI. — Draw map, tracing Erie Canal, and Champlain Canal. 

Lesson XXII. — Draw map, tracing Delaware and Hudson Canal, and Chemung 
Canal. 



STATEMENTS ON NEW YORK. 



Note. — These statements so far as practicable to be developed by the teacher, afterward 
memorized by the pupil. 

i. New York State is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence 
River, and Canada; on the east by Lake Champlain, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, and Long Island Sound ; on the south by Long Island Sound, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania; on the west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, Niagara River, Lake 
Ontario, and St. Lawrence River. 



POLITICAL P-OUNDARILS. 



New York State is bounded on the north by Canada ; on the cast by Vermont, 
Massachusetts, Connecticut; on the south by New Jersey and Pennsylvania; on 
the west by Pennsylvania and Canada. 



2. Five large rivers in New York State — Hudson, Mohawk, Genesee, Oswego, 
and Black. 

3. The Hudson River is the largest and most important river of the state. It 
rises in two lakes on Mt. Marcy, in the Adirondack Mountains, flows south and 
empties into New York Bay. 

4. This river is 300 miles long, and is navigable for steamboats to Troy, a 
distance of 15 1 miles. 

5. Henry Hudson discovered the river in the year 1609. His vessel was called 
" Half Moon." The river was named for him. In the same year Champlain dis- 
covered Lake Champlain. 

6. Great quantities of shad are caught in the Hudson. 

7. The Mohawk River rises in the north central part of the state, flows south- 
cast and empties into the Hudson River. It is 135 miles long, and has good water- 
power. 

8. Cohoes Falls is in this river near its mouth. 

9. A tribe of Indians named the Mohawks once lived on its banks. The river 
was called by iheir name. 

10. The Genesee River rises in the northern part ot Pennsylvania, flows north 
and empties into Lake Ontario. It has good water-power. The Genesee Falls are 
in this river at Rochester. 

1 1 • The Oswego River is the outlet of a number of lakes in the central part ot 
the state. 

12. Among the largest of these lakes are: Oneida, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, 
Crooked, Canandaigua, and Skeneateles. 

13. The Black River rises in the Adirondack Mountains, flows south-west, then 
north-wesl and empties into Lake Ontario. 

14. The Oswegatchie, Grass, Raquette, and St. Regis Rivers flow into the St. 
Lawrence. 

15. The Saranac River flows into Lake Champlain. 



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i6. The mountains of the state are: The Adirondacks, the Catskills, the 
Shawaftgunk Mountains. 

17. The Adirondack Mountains are in the northern part of the state. Mt. 
Marcy is the highest peak of these mountains. It is about 5,467 feet high. 

18. The Catskill Mountains are in the eastern part of the state, west of the 
Hudson. They are noted for beautiful scenery. 

19. The Shawangunk Mountains and the Highlands are in the southern part of 
the state. 

20. The soil is very fertile and productive. Among the Adirondacks and the 
Highlands of the Hudson, it is thin and poor, and in the valleys of the rivers deep 
and very fertile. 

21. In the northern part of the state the winters are long and severe, and 
great quantities of snow fall. 

22. The counties on the east bank of the Hudson are: New York, Westchester, 
Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer, Washington. 

23. The counties on the west bank of the Hudson are : Rockland, Orange, 
Ulster, Greene, Albany, and Saratoga. 

24. There are sixty counties, and thirty-two cities in the state. 

25. The counties that border on Lak« Ontario and the St. Lawrence River 
are : Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Cayuga, Oswego, Jefferson, and St. 
Lawrence. St. Lawrence is the largest county. 

26. The counties that border on Canada are : St. Lawrence, Franklin, and 
( 'linton. 

27. The counties that border on Pennsylvania are : Chautauqua, Cattaraugusj 
Allegany, Steuben, Chemung, Troga, Broome, Delaware, and Sullivan. 

2,X. State prisons are located at Sing Sing. Auburn, anil Dannemora. 

29. The population of New York State is about 6,000,000. 

30. New York is the largest city. It is in New York County, on New York 
Bay. 



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31. New York, the "Empire City," is the greatest commercial renter in the 
new world. The greaterpart of it is on Manhattan Island. 

32. This city is a great railroad center. Broadway, in this city, is one of the 
longest and finest streets in the world. 

33. New York is noted for fine school buildings, elegant churches, and private 
residences. Central Park is the largest park in the city. 

34. The population of the city is about 1,513,501. 

35. The five largest cities in the state are : New York, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, 
and Rochester. 

36. Brooklyn is in Kings County, on Long Island. It is called the " City of 
Churches." It is connected with New York by a bridge called "Brooklyn 
Bridge." 

37. Brooklyn is one of the greatest grain depots in the country. A United 
States navy-yard is located here. 

38. The population of this city is about 804,377. 

39. Buffalo is in Erie County, in the western part of the state, on Lake Erie. 
It is a great manufacturing city. Iron manufactures take the lead. 

40. This city is the chief lake-port, and it has an immense grain trade. 

41. Albany is the capital of the state. It is on the west bank of the LIudson, 
in Albany County. It is a great railroad center, and is noted for its trade in 
lumber and grain. 

42. Rochester is in Monroe County, on the Genesee River. It is noted for 
its steam-engine and boiler works, and the building of locomotives. 

43. Agriculture is an important industry of the state. The most valuable crop 
is hay. Among the other productions are: Potatoes, hops, barley, wheat, oats, and 
corn. Salt is produced in great quantities. The salt springs of Onondaga County 
are the most extensive in the world. 

44. The mineral products are : Salt, granite, sandstone, marble, limestone, iron, 
lead, copper, bluestone. 



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45- The forest trees of the state consist chiefly of pine, spruce, oak, elm, ash, 
maple, hickory, chestnut, and locust. 

46. The wild animals include the hear, panther, deer, wolf, wild cat, fox, and 
beaver. 

47. The principal railroads in the state are: New York, Lake Erie, and 
Western; New York Central and Hudson River; New York and Harlem ; New 
York, New Haven, and Hartford. 

48. The area of New York State is about 49,170 square miles. 

49. New York is noted for fine scenery : 

1. The banks of the Hudson. 

2. The shores of Lake George. 

3. The Thousand Islands. 

4. The shores of Lake Champlain. 

5. Niagara Falls. 

6. Genesee Falls. 

7. Adirondacks. 
S. Catskills. 

9. Watkins Glen. 

10. Trenton Falls. 

1 1. Howe's Cave. 

12. The Palisades. 

48. Lake George is in the eastern part of the state, and is connected with Lake 
Champlain. It is thirty-six miles long. 

49. The Thousand Islands arc in (lie St. Lawrence River. 

50. Niagara Falls are between Fake Ontario and Fake Erie, in the Niagara 
River. 

51. Watkins Glen is at the head of Seneca Lake. 

52. Trenton Falls is on West Canada Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River. 

53. The Palisades are on the west bank of the Hudson. 



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54- The Erie Canal extends from Troy to Buffalo. It is 363 miles long and 
connects Lake Erie with the Hudson River. 

55. The Erie Canal, through the untiring efforts of De Witt Clinton, was com- 
pleted in 1S25. 

56. The Champlain Canal extends from West Troy to Whitehall and connects 
the Hudson River with Lake Champlain. It is 66 miles long. 

57. The Delaware and Hudson Canal connects the Hudson River with the 
Delaware River. 

58. Chemung Canal connects Watkins with Elmira. 

59. The Oswego Canal connects Lake Ontario with the Erie Canal at 
Syracuse. 

60. Manhattan Island is thirteen and one-half miles long, and its greatest 
breadth is two and one-quarter miles. 

61. Long Island is about 115 miles long. It is southeast of New York, and 
belongs to it. 

62. There are three counties on this island : Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. 

63. Large quantities of vegetables are raised on Long Island- 

64. Stateri Island is about fourteen miles long. It belongs to New York. 
Richmond County is in Staten Island. 

65. The Islands in New York Bay are: Bedloe's, Governor's, and Ellis.' 

66. The island, in the East River are: Llart's, Randall's, Ward's, and 
Black well's. 

67. New York Bay is one of the best harbors in the world. The Narrows is 
between Staten Island and Long Island. 

68. Lake Chautauqua is in the southwestern part of the state. 

69. The United States Military Academy is at West Point. 

70. Troy is in Rensselaer County. It is noted for the manufacture of stoves, 
collars and cuffs, globes, and cars. Its lumber trade is also large. 



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7i. Syracuse is in Onondaga County. It is noted for the extent of its salt- 
works. It is the seat of the New York Asylum for Idiots. 

72. Utica is in Oneida County. It is the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum. 

73. Oswego is in Oswego County, on Lake Ontario. It contains the largest 
starch factory in the world. 

74. Rome is in Oneida County. 

75. Elmira is in Chemung County, on Chemung River. The State Reforma- 
tory is located here. 

76. Poughkeepsie is in Dutchess County. It is the seat of Vassar College. 

77. Cohoes is in Albany County. It is noted for the manufacture of cotton 
goods. 

78. Kingston is in Ulster County. It is a great coal depot. 

79. Newburg is in Orange County. 

80. Yonkers is in Westchester County. 

81. Binghamton is in Broome County, on the Susquehanna River. The State 
Inebriate Asylum is located here. 

82. Long Island City is in Queens County. 

83. Schenectady is in Schenectady County. It is one of the oldest places in 
the state. 

84. Lockport is situated on the Erie Canal. 

85. Watertown is on the Black River. 

86. Ogdensburg is in St. Lawrence County, on the St. Lawrence River. 

87. Hudson is on the Hudson River. 

88. Dunkirk is on Lake Erie, 

89. Corning is in Steuben County. 

90. Gloversville is in Steuben County. 

91. Pittsburgh is in Clinton County, on Lake Champlain. 



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92. New York was the only one of the American colonies settled by the Dutch. 

93. Henry Hudson landed on Manhattan Island in 1609. Hudson was an 
Englishman, but at this time he was in the service of the Dutch government. On 
this account the Dutch claimed the country and named it New Netherlands. 

94. A company of Dutch merchants called the Dutch West India "Company, 
sent out a number of families from Holland to New Netherlands. This was the 
first regular settlement of the country. On the Island of Mannattan they founded 
New Amsterdam. This was the beginning of the great City of New York. 

95. The West India Company founded Fort Orange, afterward Albany. 

96. Peter Minuet was sent out as governor of New Netherlands. There were 
three other Dutch governors. 

97. The English had all this time looked on the territory of New Netherlands 
as belonging to them. Tlx j Cabots, in the employ of the English, fitted out a ship 
named Matthew, and sailed along the shores of America, taking possession of the 
country for the crown of England. 

98. King Charles II. of England granted this country to his brother, the Duke 
of York. The Duke of York sent out an armed vessel and some troops, under 
Colonel Nichols, who was to demand that the Dutch surrender the city. They 
surrendered, and the whole Province took the name of New York. 

99. The principal reason why the Dutch gave up New York so easily was that 
many of the people wanted more freedom than they had under the Dutch governors. 

100. The people wanted to govern themselves. The Duke of York would not 
allow this, but he sent out governors to rule over them. 

101. The people were not sorry when a Dutch fleet came to New York and 
compelled the city to surrender. The Dutch restoration lasted but a little over a 
year, then New York came again under English rule. It so remained till inde- 
pendence. 

102. With the Indians the people of New York were, during almost the whole 
colonial period, on very friendly terms. 



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io3- Under English rule, New York flourished. During the French and 
Indian War it was the scene of hard-fought battles in the neighborhood of Lake 
George, Lake Champlain, and Lake Ontario. 

104. The spirit of independence was very strong in the New Yorkers. 

105. New York took a prominent part in the Revolutionary War. 

106. Battles were fought at Saratoga, Long Island, and White Plains. 

107. The first public exhibition of the magnetic telegraph by its inventor, 
Samuel F. B. Morse, took place in New York. 

108. Steamboat navigation was commenced in 1S07 by Robert Fulton, who 
that year ascended the Hudson River in the " Clermont." 



109. The Governor is the highest officer of the state, elected by the people for 
three years, salary $10,000. 

no. The Lieutenant-Governor is elected for three years, salary $5,000. 

in. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be thirty years of age. 

112. Some other officers: Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, and 
Attorney-General. 

113. The general state election is held annually on the Tuesday after the first 
Monday of November. 

114. The common schools are free to persons between the age of 5 and 21. 

115. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, chosen by the legislature 
for three years, has a general supervision of educational interests. 



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